How Can Glycerylphosphocholine Boost Your Brain Power?

Glycerylphosphocholine (GPC, also known as L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine or alphacholine) is a naturally occurring source of choline found in a variety of foods (including breast milk) and in all human cells Contains small amounts of choline. GPC is a water-soluble molecule that has been shown to be a more potent source of clinical choline than choline or phosphatidylcholine (PC) from diet or supplements.

Orally administered GPC is well absorbed and is cleaved within enterocytes into glycerol-1-phosphate and choline. After ingesting GPC, choline levels in plasma rose rapidly and remained high for 10 hours. The high plasma concentration gradient of choline stimulates its efficient transport across the blood-brain barrier. This increases choline stores within neurons, where it is used to synthesize PC and acetylcholine.

Structurally, α-GPC is a choline compound bound to a glycerol molecule through a phosphate group, and is a choline containing phospholipid. The content of choline is very high, accounting for about 40%, which means that 1000 mg of α-GPC can produce about 400 mg of free choline.

Choline is an essential nutrient found in dairy products and eggs that helps cells maintain their membranes. Choline itself is also necessary to make acetylcholine. While alpha-GPC and other cholines such as phosphatidylcholine and lecithin can promote the production of acetylcholine, alpha-GPC is actually superior because the lipids it provides actually make it easier for cells to absorb, More than 90% of phosphatidylcholine is absorbed by lymphatic vessels, while α-GPC is mostly absorbed by the portal vein, so the absorption efficiency is higher, thus promoting the production of acetylcholine more effectively. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in regulating brain function and muscle control. Although we can consume choline through food, the amount of acetylcholine decreases with age.

Benefits of Research-Based GPC

Brain function

• Improves memory, concentration and reaction time in older and younger adults
• Promotes the production and release of acetylcholine (ACh) from neurons and possibly other cells.
• May compensate for the decline in ACh caused by aging, estrogen deficiency (menopause, and possibly oral contraceptive use)
• Improve EEG patterns
• Increases production of dopamine, serotonin and GABA18.
• Improve mitochondrial function during ischemia/oxidative stress
• Counteracts age-related decreases in brain cell and ACh receptor numbers, muscle function and growth hormone production
• Promote growth hormone secretion in young and old adults
• Increases fat oxidation, muscle strength and reaction time, possibly improving balance, especially in older adults.

Brain Repair and Alzheimer's/Dementia Support

• Improves brain recovery after stroke, traumatic brain injury, and anesthesia (before and after surgery).
• Repair blood-brain barrier tissue damaged by hypertension
• Improves cognition and social behavior in Alzheimer's disease, vascular/senile dementia, and Parkinson's disease.
• Reduce brain volume shrinkage similar to Alzheimer’s disease
• May be beneficial in diseases requiring myelin repair and Duchenne muscular dystrophy Choline functions in human metabolism and GPC

Unique properties as a potent source of choline, the building block of acetylcholine and a substance that stimulates its synthesis and secretion.

• Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in the brain and a signal transducer elsewhere in the body, critical for muscle contraction, skin tone, gastrointestinal motility, and other tissue functions. Unlike choline/PC provided through diet or supplementation, GPC supplementation was shown to have a significant stimulatory effect on the synthesis of ACh and its release from cholinergic cells.

Supplementation of GPC results in enhanced cholinergic signaling in neurons and other cells that may produce acetylcholine. This is particularly beneficial when the number and effective function of cholinergic neurons is reduced due to normal aging or various degenerative processes. Supplementation with GPC has the potential to partially compensate for these impairments because it causes a rapid rise in plasma choline, which exerts a strong substrate effect on enzymes and transporters in these pathways.

Building block of phosphatidylcholine (PC)

• PC belongs to phospholipids and is an important component of cell membranes and mitochondrial membranes. The ability of GPC supplementation to aid stroke recovery, as well as to counteract age-related decreases in the number of ACh receptors in nerve cells or brains, is additional evidence of its contribution to neuronal membrane maintenance through PC synthesis.

Formation of sphingomyelin

• Sphingomyelin is a component of the myelin sheath that covers and insulates neurons and nerves. Therefore, GPC supplementation may be useful in any condition with increased demand for myelin repair, such as neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions involving demyelination and autoimmunity of nervous tissue. Transport of fat within and outside cells

• PC is necessary for the synthesis and secretion of VLDL particles. Triglycerides leave the liver within VLDL particles, which explains why choline deficiency increases the risk of fatty liver disease. PC can be obtained from food sources or supplements; however, PC for phospholipids and lipoproteins is not obtained directly from ingested or preformed PC. It is synthesized from various choline precursors (including GPC), so ingesting PC is not necessarily the most effective way to increase the body's PC pool.
Support sperm motility

• GPC is a key factor in the attachment of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), making PC-DHA. DHA-PC complex is used in highly active cell types such as retinal light-sensing cells and sperm cells. DHA-PC increases membrane fluidity, which is critical for healthy sperm function. Semen contains high concentrations of GPC; epididymal cells that cultivate sperm cells are extracted from the GPC pool and synthesize PC-DHA. Lower levels of GPC and PC-DHA in semen may increase the risk of reduced sperm motility.

Comparison of GPC and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)

• In a study of patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease, GPC resulted in greater improvements in most neuropsychological parameters compared with ALCAR. While both compounds support an increase in acetylcholine, it is conceivable that there may be a synergistic effect between supplementing the two compounds, as GPC provides choline while ALCAR provides the acetyl component for the synthesis of acetylcholine.

Potential synergy between GPC and drugs. GPC supplementation is not thought to negatively interfere with any medications designed to improve brain function. In fact, due to its benefits on cholinergic pathways and improving neuronal cell membrane function, it may actually enhance their benefits. GPC may enhance the effects of acetylcholinesterase AChE inhibitors because it may increase the amount of ACh in the synaptic cleft, whereas these drugs slow its degradation.

In addition, according to animal studies, GPC may enhance the production of dopamine, serotonin, or GABA in the brain, and GPC may enhance the effects of reuptake inhibitors of these neurotransmitters.

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