What do you need to know about nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)?

NAD+ is also called coenzyme, and its full name is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. It is an important coenzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It promotes the metabolism of sugar, fat, and amino acids, participates in the synthesis of energy, and participates in thousands of reactions in every cell. A large amount of experimental data shows that NAD+ is widely involved in a variety of basic physiological activities in the organism, thereby intervening in key cellular functions such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, genetic modification, inflammation, biological rhythms, and stress resistance.

According to relevant research, the NAD+ level in the human body will decrease with age. Decreased NAD+ levels may lead to neurological decline, vision loss, obesity, heart function decline and other functional declines. Therefore, how to increase the NAD+ level in the human body has always been a question. A hot research topic in the biomedical community.

Why does NAD+ decrease?

Because, as we age, DNA damage increases. During the DNA repair process, the demand for PARP1 increases, the activity of SIRT is limited, NAD+ consumption increases, and the amount of NAD+ naturally decreases.

If we supplement enough NAD+, we will find that many functions of the body begin to restore youthfulness.

Cells contain NAD+. Do we still need to supplement it?

Our body is made up of approximately 37 trillion cells. Cells must complete a lot of "work" or cellular reactions to maintain themselves. Each of your 37 trillion cells depends on NAD+ to do its ongoing job.

As the world's population ages, aging-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, joint problems, sleep and cardiovascular problems have become important diseases that threaten human health.

Therefore, since NAD was discovered by American scientists, NAD has entered people's lives, and NAD+ and its supplements have shown great application prospects in the prevention of aging-related diseases.

① NAD+ acts as a coenzyme in mitochondria to promote metabolic balance. NAD+ plays a particularly active role in metabolic processes such as glycolysis, TCA cycle (aka Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) and the electron transport chain. It is how cells obtain energy. Aging and a high-calorie diet reduce NAD+ levels in the body.

Studies have shown that in older mice, taking NAD+ supplements reduced diet- or age-related weight gain and improved exercise capacity. Additionally, studies have even reversed the effects of diabetes in female mice, showing new strategies to combat metabolic diseases such as obesity.

NAD+ binds to enzymes and transfers electrons between molecules. Electrons are the basis of cellular energy. NAD+ acts on cells like recharging a battery. When the electrons are used up, the battery dies. In cells, NAD+ can promote electron transfer and provide energy to cells. In this way, NAD+ can reduce or increase enzyme activity, promoting gene expression and cell signaling.

② NAD+ helps control DNA damage

As organisms age, adverse environmental factors such as radiation, pollution, and imprecise DNA replication can damage DNA. This is one of the theories of aging. Almost all cells contain the "molecular machinery" to repair this damage.

This repair requires NAD+ and energy, so excessive DNA damage consumes valuable cellular resources. The function of PARP, an important DNA repair protein, also depends on NAD+. Normal aging causes DNA damage to accumulate in the body, RARP increases, and therefore NAD+ concentrations decrease. Mitochondrial DNA damage at any step will exacerbate this depletion.

③ NAD+ affects the activity of longevity gene Sirtuins and inhibits aging

The newly discovered longevity genes sirtuins, also known as the "guardians of genes," play a vital role in maintaining cell health. Sirtuins are a family of enzymes involved in cellular stress response and damage repair. They are also involved in insulin secretion, the aging process, and aging-related health conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes.

NAD+ is the fuel that helps sirtuins maintain genome integrity and promote DNA repair. Just like a car cannot live without fuel, Sirtuins require NAD+ for activation. Results from animal studies show that increasing NAD+ levels in the body activates sirtuin proteins and extends lifespan in yeast and mice.

④ Heart function

Raising NAD+ levels protects the heart and improves heart function. High blood pressure can cause an enlarged heart and clogged arteries, which can lead to stroke. After replenishing the NAD+ level in the heart through NAD+ supplements, the damage to the heart caused by reperfusion is inhibited. Other studies have shown that NAD+ supplements also protect mice from abnormal heart enlargement.

⑤ Neurodegeneration

In mice with Alzheimer's disease, increasing NAD+ levels enhanced cognitive function by reducing the buildup of proteins that disrupt brain communication. Raising NAD+ levels also protects brain cells from dying when there isn't enough blood flowing to the brain. NAD+ appears to have new promise in protecting against neurodegeneration and improving memory.

⑥ Immune system

As we age, our immune systems decline and we are more susceptible to illness. Recent research suggests that NAD+ levels play an important role in regulating immune responses and inflammation and cell survival during aging. The study highlights the therapeutic potential of NAD+ for immune dysfunction.

The relationship between the role of NAD+ and aging

Coenzymes participate in the metabolism of important substances such as sugar, fat, and protein in the human body, and play a key role in regulating the body's material and energy metabolism and maintaining normal physiological functions. NAD is the most important coenzyme in the human body, also called coenzyme I. It participates in thousands of redox enzymatic reactions in the human body. It is an indispensable substance for the metabolism of every cell. It has many functions, the main functions are:

1. Promote the production of bioenergy

NAD+ generates ATP through cellular respiration, directly supplementing cell energy and enhancing cell function;

2. Repair genes

NAD+ is the only substrate for the DNA repair enzyme PARP. This type of enzyme participates in DNA repair, helps repair damaged DNA and cells, reduces the chance of cell mutation, and prevents the occurrence of cancer;

3. Activate all longevity proteins

NAD+ can activate all 7 longevity proteins, so NAD+ has a more important impact on anti-aging and extending lifespan;

4. Strengthen the immune system

NAD+ strengthens the immune system and improves cellular immunity by selectively affecting the survival and function of regulatory T cells.

5. Promote hair growth

The main cause of hair loss is the loss of hair mother cell vitality, and the loss of hair mother cell vitality is because the NAD+ level in the human body decreases. The hair mother cells do not have enough ATP to carry out hair protein synthesis, thus losing their vitality and leading to hair loss.

6. Weight management, promote metabolism

In 2017, Professor David Sinclair of Harvard Medical School and a team from the Australian Medical College conducted a comparative experiment on obese female mice exercising on a treadmill for 9 weeks and taking NMN daily for 18 days. The study found that NMN affects liver fat metabolism. And the effect of synthesis is obviously greater than that of exercise.

Notably, aging is accompanied by a progressive decline in tissue and cellular NAD+ levels in a variety of model organisms, including rodents and humans. Declining NAD+ levels are causally linked to many diseases associated with aging, including cognitive decline, cancer, metabolic disease, sarcopenia, and frailty.

How can I supplement NAD+ daily?

There is no endless supply of NAD+ in our body. The content and activity of NAD+ in the human body will decrease with age, and it will decrease rapidly after the age of 30, resulting in cell aging, apoptosis and loss of regeneration ability. .

Moreover, the reduction of NAD+ will also cause a series of health problems, so if NAD+ cannot be replenished in time, the consequences can be imagined.

1.Supplement from food

Foods such as cabbage, broccoli, avocado, steak, mushrooms, and edamame contain NAD+ precursors, which can be converted into active NAD* in the body after absorption.

2.Restrict diet and calories

Moderate caloric restriction can activate energy-sensing pathways within cells and indirectly increase NAD* levels. But make sure you eat a balanced diet to meet your body’s nutritional needs

3. Stay active and exercise

Moderate aerobic exercise such as running and swimming can increase intracellular NAD+ levels, help increase oxygen supply in the body and improve energy metabolism.

4. Follow healthy sleep habits

During sleep, the human body carries out many important metabolic and repair processes, including the synthesis of NAD*. Getting enough sleep helps maintain normal levels of NAD

5. Supplement NAD+ precursor substances

Nicotinic acid (NA) and nicotinamide (NAM) are both precursors of NAD+. They can be synthesized and converted into NAD in the human body, thereby increasing its content. However, due to limitations of the synthesis pathway and rate-limiting enzymes, the bioavailability is low. .

6 Directly supplement NAD+

Exogenous supplementation of NAD+ can quickly restore NAD+ levels in the body, allowing important organs such as the heart and brain to obtain more effective NAD+ supplementation.

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